animism

the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls; "animism is common among primitive peoples" 

wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

Belief that a spirit or force resides in every animate and inanimate object, every dream and idea, giving individuality to each. The related Polynesian concept of mana holds that the spirit in all things is responsible for good and evil.

www.consultwebs.com/legal_glossaries/holistic_legal_glossary/glossary.html

The belief, often found in pre-Christian religions, that a spiritual force is in all living creatures, and even in inanimate objects such as rocks ...

www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envrel/gloss.php

the idea that all things in the universe are invested with a life force, soul or mind inherently. It is an important constituent of primitive religions. It appears commonly in occult and spiritism circles (Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions, and the Occult, p. 22).

www.watchman.org/reltop/glosterm.htm

Animism is the backbone of Yoruba worship. It's the central guiding concept that underscores this world view. Coincidentally, it is similar in notion to the Roman Pagan religious practices. This coincidence Is particularaly relevant. looking at the parallel stories that have birthed Carnival in different times and places. 

The power of the mask in African society, relating to this idea of Animism, is not merely a practice of representation, or acting as  is practised in European theatre. The mask in African religious rituals is part of invocation. There actually is not an equivalent word to mask in different African religions. The Bakwebe say buoobkuk which means 'face of the forest spirit'. The Igbo say isi mmuo, which means 'head spirit'. Lega say lukuwak ongo which means 'death gathers in'. The idea of mask wearing in Yoruba therefore comes from a tradition of masquerade that is based on the invocation of spirits, through ritualistic masquerade. There is also the belief in creating spirits, as a kind of hybrid entity that is born from the mask wearer and the spirit that comes into the mask. The person wearing the mask then is no longer himself. It is through possession that a different entity is created. 

Standing on the streets of Port-of-Spain therefore on Carnival Monday morning, you are faced with a different experience of time and space. The transience of the ritual is itself critical. Carnival, in terms of myth therefore emodies the conjunction of 4 different stories of time and perspective. 

-the african

-the indian

-the colonial

-the pagan

Tracing these stories will be my first attempt at a chapter. I'm starting with Africa.